"Protonix 20 mg with amex, gastritis pain location". W. Tuwas, M.S., Ph.D. Program Director, Western University of Health Sciences A thin connective tissue consisting of fine collagenous chronic gastritis mayo buy generic protonix 20mg online, reticular gastritis symptoms burning discount protonix 40mg with visa, and elastic fibers extends between the smooth muscle cells and becomes continuous with a more dense connective tissue that binds the muscle cells into bundles or sheets atrophic gastritis symptoms treatment generic 20 mg protonix with visa. The latter connective tissue contains more abundant fibroblasts chronic gastritis nexium buy protonix 20 mg line, collagenous and elastic fibers, and a network of blood vessels and nerves. The traction produced by contracting smooth muscle cells is transmitted to the reticuloelastic sheath about the cells and then to the denser connective tissue, permitting a uniform contraction throughout the muscle sheet. The reticular and elastic fibers of the reticuloelastic sheath are products of the smooth muscle cells. Histogenesis Skeletal muscle arises from mesenchyme in various parts of the embryo. Muscles of the limbs and trunk develop from myotomal mesenchyme; those of the head and neck arise in the mesenchyme of the branchial arches. Initially the precursor muscle cells are rounded, noncontractile cells with single centrally placed nuclei. As the cells develop, they elongate and begin to synthesize myofilaments, creatinine kinase, and acetylcholine receptors, thus becoming identifiable as myoblasts. The spindle-shaped myoblasts contain numerous ribosomes, prominent Golgi complexes, and rather short mitochondria, as well as a few myofilaments. Bulk synthesis of contractile proteins occurs in the myotubule, and organization of sarcomeres with recognizable A and I bands and Z lines takes place. Clusters of myofibrils appear, aggregate, increase in length and thicken, and soon show banding. Fusion of Z bodies to which actin filaments are joined results in the appearance of Z lines, aligned with the T-tubule system and units of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. New generations of myoblasts continue to develop and either form new myotubules or fuse to the ends of older myotubules to form fibers that contain 50 to 100 nuclei. It is likely that new myotubules continue to form until their number equals that of the cells of a given mature muscle. By the thirteenth week, the nuclei begin to move from the center of the tube to the periphery, and the cell becomes known as a myofiber. However, development of the cell is not synchronous along its length, and the same structure may show features of a myotubule and a myofiber. The most mature regions are those in the middle of the cell, where fusion of myoblasts first occurred. Thus, for a time the middle of the cell might show peripheral nuclei, while at the ends, central nuclei are present as fusion of myoblasts continues. As the myotubule develops, the number of mitochondria increases and the cristae increase in number and are more tightly packed. There is no evidence that the number of cells increases postnatally, but the cells do increase in length by the addition of new sarcomeres at the ends. Increase in girth is due to an increase in the number of myofibrils and the amount of sarcoplasm. Rather, satellite cells associated with the mature fibers proliferate and fuse to form new skeletal muscle cells. The forming fibers differentiate in a similar way as observed during normal development. Cardiac muscle develops from mesenchyme (the myoepithelial mantle) that envelops the endocardial tube of the embryonic heart. With the synthesis of myofilaments, the cells elongate and become myoblasts, which soon begin rhythmic contractions. Cell division continues into postnatal life but subsequently gives way to hypertrophy as the means of further growth. The sites of desmosomal unions between cells transform into the intercalated discs. Formation of Ttubules characterizes the final stage of development of mammalian cardiac muscle. Enslaved Africans walked down the rows with a flailing stick to beat the grain from the stalks with flailing sticks gastritis y colitis protonix 20 mg fast delivery. This process required a skilled tapping and rolling motion to keep whole grains intact gastritis diet plans 20mg protonix mastercard. According to historical accounts gastritis chronic fatigue syndrome generic 20mg protonix, a skilled worker could produce 95% whole grains gastritis symptoms vs. heart attack order protonix 40mg online, while a careless, fatigued, or less skilled worker might break more than half of the grains. Hulls and chaff were then separated from the grains by the winnowing process, which involved tossing the grain into the air from a fanner basket. After the rice was pounded with pestles to remove the tough outer hull, it was carried up into the winnowing house to finish the cleaning process. The aforementioned tools and techniques came directly from West Africa (Edgar, 1998; Littlefield 1981, 1995; Carney and R. Carney refers to the transfer of rice and rice growing techniques to the Americas as the "diffusion of an indigenous knowledge system" (2001:6). According to Carney, early records and recent archaeology show that over 100 years before the colonization of South Carolina, an irrigated rice system that harnessed the tides to flood the fields was in place along the estuaries of the Gambia River in West Africa. Africans also used the upland rice method, where rain water was collected in holding ponds to irrigate the fields. These knowledge systems, well established on the floodplains of West Africa, were brought across the Atlantic Middle Passage by slaves who shared their agricultural knowledge with their European owners (Carney 2001; Carney 1993). The floodgates used in tidewater rice production were referred to as rice trunks in South Carolina. David Doar, descendant of a rice planter, was curious about the use of that term and solved the mystery before writing a book on rice culture, which was published under the sponsorship of the Charleston Museum. In this volume, Doar stated: For years the origin of this name [rice trunk] bothered me. In putting down another one, I unearthed the granddaddy of plug trunks made long before I was born. When it was to be stopped up, a large plug was put in tightly and it acted on the same principle as a wooden spigot to a beer keg (1936:12). There is documentary evidence to show that in the period between 1695 and 1715, as rice took hold in the colony, the population of African slaves grew equal to and then surpassed the European population. Enslaved Africans from the rice growing regions demonstrated their engineering expertise in tidal rice production, which is a function of coastal geomorphology, hydrology, and rainfall. Historically, enslaved African ancestors of Gullah/ Geechee people were unique among Africans for their major roles in the development of the rice plantation and the agricultural economy of the region (Carney 1993, 2001). Despite differences in work patterns, enslaved Africans from both the gang and task systems created work rhythms by singing as they labored in the fields. Many of these work songs had secret meanings that referred to freedom, escape, flight to Africa, and sometimes even death (Hargis and Horan 1997). Rather than working sun- up to sunset, task system slaves were assigned a specific amount of work that was to be completed in one day. This measure of work was called a task, and for an able- bodied field hand, this task could vary from one- fourth acre to one- half acre to be worked depending on the difficulty of the required work. Children and older people were assigned a half task or a quarter task according to their abilities. Slaves were accountable for the results of their labors, but were not necessarily under constant supervision. In some cases, the funds generated went to the master, but slaves were generally allowed to keep a part or all of the money they earned. Thus, workers had time for themselves or to help family members who worked more slowly.
To understand how this stress affects aging gastritis kaffee order 20mg protonix amex, researchers note that both problems with the innate and adaptive immune system play a key role gastroenteritis flu generic protonix 40 mg fast delivery. The innate immune system is made up of the skin gastritis meaning buy protonix 20mg without a prescription, mucous membranes gastritis kombucha cheap 40mg protonix otc, cough reflex, stomach acid, and specialized cells that alert the body of an impending threat. With age these cells lose their ability to communicate as effectively, making it harder for the body to mobilize its defenses. The adaptive immune system includes the tonsils, spleen, bone marrow, thymus, circulatory system and the lymphatic system that work to produce and transport T cells. T-cells, or lymphocytes, fight bacteria, viruses, and other foreign threats to the body. These cells now remember how to fight a certain infection should the 382 body ever come across this invader again. Memory cells can remain in your body for many decades, and why the measles vaccine you received as a child is still protecting you from this virus today. As older adults produce fewer new T-cells to be programmed, they are less able to fight off new threats and new vaccines work less effectively. The reason why the shingles vaccine works well with older adults is because they already have some existing memory cells against the varicella virus. The more stress we experience, the more cortisol released, and the more hypothalamic damage that occurs. According to the National Library of Medicine (2014) after age 30 people tend to lose lean tissue, and some of the cells of the muscles, liver, kidney, and other organs are lost. Tissue loss reduces the amount of water in your body and bones may lose some of their minerals and become less dense (a condition called osteopenia in the early stages and osteoporosis in the later stages). The amount of body fat goes up steadily after age 30, and older individuals may have almost one third more fat compared to when they were younger. Fat tissue builds up toward the center of the body, including around the internal organs. Skin, Hair and Nails: With age skin becomes thinner, less elastic, loses fat, and no longer looks plump and smooth. Veins and bones can be seen easier, and scratches, cuts, and bumps can take longer to heal. Older people may bruise more easily, and it can take longer for these bruises to heal. Skin tags are small, usually flesh-colored growths of skin that have a raised surface. Nearly everyone has hair loss as they age, and the rate of hair growth slows down as many hair follicles stop producing new hairs (U. The loss of pigment and subsequent graying begun in middle adulthood continues in late adulthood. However, pits, lines, changes in shape or color should be checked by a healthcare provider as they can be related to nutritional deficiencies or kidney disease (U. People typically lose almost one-half inch every 10 years after age 40, and height loss is even more rapid after age 70. Men often gain weight until about age 55, and then begin to lose weight later in life, possibly related to a drop in the male sex hormone testosterone. Weight loss later in life occurs partly because fat replaces lean muscle tissue, and fat weighs less than muscle. Diet and exercise are important factors in weight changes in late adulthood (National Library of Medicine, 2014). Sarcopenia is most noticeable in men, and physically inactive people can lose as much as 3% to Source 5% of their muscle mass each decade after age 30, but even when active muscle loss still occurs (Webmd, 2016). Diseases
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